与生育的关系:Impaired semen parameters;Early surgery benefits fertility;Unilateral: similar paternity rate;Bilateral: lower paternity rate
生殖细胞肿瘤:Risk factor for testicular cancer;Orchidopexy before puberty may reduce risk
疾病管理:Hormonal treatment: not recommended for adults;Surgical treatment(Adolescence: remove intra - abdominal testis;Adulthood: keep palpable testis;Complications: vascular damage, atrophy;Biopsy for ITGCNU recommended)
证据总结与建议:Multifactorial origin;Associated with infertility and tumours;Avoid adult hormonal treatment;Biopsy for ITGCNU if correcting in adulthood
特发性男性不育
疾病管理:经验性治疗;Empirical treatments(Clomiphen citrate and tamoxifen may help;Androgens, etc. not effective;Gonadotrophins need caution;Antioxidants may increase sperm and live - birth rates)
建议:Treat hypogonadotropic hypogonadism;No clear recommendation for other treatments
男性避孕
输精管结扎术:手术技术(No - scalpel: least invasive;Cauterisation and fascial interposition: most effective)、并发症(Acute: haematoma, infection, epididymitis;Long - term: chronic pain)、失败(Low recanalisation risk;Persistent motility indicates failure)
咨询:Irreversible, low complication, failure risk, post - procedure contraception
输精管复通术:手术技术、并发症、失败情况;Success rates vary;Time since vasectomy affects pregnancy rate;Tubulovasostomy for secondary obstruction;Cost - effective compared to sperm retrieval/ICSI
证据总结与建议:Vasectomy is effective and safe;Inform patients about risks;Sperm retrieval/ICSI as second - line
证据总结与建议:Urethritis and prostatitis not clearly linked to infertility;Antibiotics may improve sperm but not conception;Refer partners of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis - related epididymitis
生殖细胞恶性肿瘤与睾丸微钙化
生殖细胞恶性肿瘤与男性不育:Common in young Caucasian men;Associated with cryptorchidism, hypospadias
睾丸生殖细胞癌与生殖功能:Decreased semen quality;Orchidectomy risk of azoospermia;Risk of hypogonadism
睾丸微石症:Associated with various conditions;Considered premalignant;Biopsy for high - risk patients
建议:Self - examination for TM patients;No biopsy for low - risk TM;Biopsy for high - risk TM;Surgical exploration for suspicious findings;Follow TGCT patients